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				Polka mit 
				einem Trauermarsch als Einleitung [1867–1868] Our knowledge of this work, 
				the first he wrote down, stems entirely 
				from Natalie Bauer-Lechner's records of her conversations with 
				Mahler in the summer of 1896. The passage in question was not 
				included in the original edition of her book (NBL) 
				and was first published only in 1984 (NBL2, 
				69):¹ 
					
						
							| 
							In unseren Schwatzstunden erzählte 
							mir Gustav manches aus seiner Kindheit. Das erste, 
							was er mit 6 Jahren komponierte und zu Papier 
							brachte, war eine Polka, wozu er einen Trauermarsch 
							als Einleitung schrieb. Er tat es auf das 
							Versprechen seiner Mutter, 2 Kronen dafür zu 
							bekommen, woran aber noch ganz besonders die 
							Bedingung geknüpft war, es dürfe das Papier nicht 
							verklext sein. (Im Klexen war unser Gustav nämlich 
							groß!) Er betete daher, ehe er an die Arbeit ging, 
							zu Gott, daß er ihn keinen Patzen machen lasse und 
							war nun überzeugt, Gott werde ihn davor bewahren. So 
							tunkte er die Feder höchst herzhaft und ohne jede 
							Vorsicht ein – hatte ohnedies ein 
							Sicherheits-Tintenzeug zur Vermeidung der ärgsten 
							Schäden – aber, o weh, bei den allerersten Noten 
							schon fiel ein Riesenpatzen, daß das schöne Papier 
							und alle Vorbereitungen zum Anfang vertan waren, und 
							der kleine Schmierfink von Neuem beginnen mußte. 
							„Mein Gottesglauben aber erlitt damit einen 
							erheblichen Stoß", schloß Gustav lachend.  | 
							In our hours of chat Mahler told me a 
							lot about his childhood. The first [thing] he 
							composed and committed to paper, at the age of six, 
							was a Polka for which he wrote a funeral march as an 
							introduction. He did it to earn 2 Kronen on a 
							promise from his mother – to which the condition was 
							very specifically attached that the paper should not 
							be blotted. (Our Gustav was very good at blotting!) 
							Before he started work he therefore prayed to God 
							that He would not allow him to make any blots, and 
							was convinced God would protect him from that. He 
							thus dipped his pen very boldly and – having 
							moreover [chosen] an indelible ink – without any 
							precaution  for the avoidance of the worst 
							mischief. But, oh dear, at the very last notes a 
							giant blot fell, so the beautiful paper and all the 
							efforts from the start were wasted, and the little 
							blotter had to start all over again. Laughing, 
							Mahler concluded ‘with that my belief in God 
							suffered a considerable blow.’  |  
				This juxtaposition of funeral march and popular dance is 
				striking, and also prefigures the role of marches and dances in 
				Mahler early pianistic repertoire as documented in two slightly 
				later and unrelated accounts of the young Mahler's participation 
				in domestic music making in Iglau (see below).  
				  
				Hymn [1870] The reference to this work 
				was kindly drawn to my attention by Michael Bosworth. It appears 
				in a second-hand account of Mahler's early musical development 
				published by Dr O. Schiften in the Neues Wiener Journal 
				on
				
				13 March 1930, based on information provided by his aunt, 
				Franziska Rinold (née Weis) who lived with her parents, Emil and 
				Franziska Weis, in Iglau during Mahler's childhood years: 
					
						
							| 
							...So kam Gustl zu dem damaligen 
							Theaterkapellmeister von Iglau mit namen Viktorin. 
							Bei diesem lernte er Klavier spielen und vermutlich 
							auch Harmonielehre und machte ganz kolossale 
							Fortschritte. Bald fing er zu komponieren an (etwa 
							sieben bis acht Jahre alt) und komponierte unter 
							anderem auch eine Hymne, die Gustl zu Ehren des 
							damaligen Bürgermeisters von Iglau Loipold v. 
							Lövenfeld, der auch eine Buchhandlung in Iglau besaß, 
							in einer Pause im Theater auf einem von meiner 
							Großmutter beigestellten neuen Flügel einer Wiener 
							Firma spielte. Ich glaube, das war wohl das erste 
							öffentliche Auftreten Gustav Mahlers und sein erster 
							Applaus. Auch im Hause meiner Großeltern spielte 
							Mahler jun. viel auf dem neuen Flügel, wobei er 
							nicht nur Märsche und Tänze, sondern auch classische 
							Musik spielte und viel improvisierte. 
							  | 
							 ... Thus Gustl went to the then 
							conductor of theatre music at Iglau by the name of 
							Viktorin. With him he learned to play the piano and 
							probably also harmony, and made tremendous progress. 
							He soon began to compose (around seven to eight 
							years old) and composed, among other things, a hymn 
							that Gustl played in honour of the then mayor of 
							Iglau, Loipold v. Lövenfeld,² who also owned a 
							bookstore in Iglau, played during an interval in the 
							theatre on a new grand piano provided by my 
							grandmother from a Viennese company.³ I think that 
							was Gustav Mahler's first public appearance and his 
							first ovation. Mahler junior also often played on 
							the new piano in my grandparents' house, where he 
							performed not only marches and dances, but also 
							classical music and improvised a lot. |  
					
						| 
						
						Leupold von Löwenthal had opened a 
						bookshop in Iglau in 1833. On 1 January 1867 his Buch-, 
						Kunst-, Musikalien-Handlung und Leihbibliothek was taken 
						over by his son-in-law, Carl Lehmann, under whose name 
				it continued to trade:⁴ it 
				was presumably from this shop that Mahler bought printed music 
				and manuscript paper. 
						Franz Viktorin (Victorin), identified 
				as one of Mahler's early 
				teachers, was listed as Kapellmeister at the Iglau 
				Stadttheater in the 1865, 1866 and 1868 issues of the 
				Deutsche Bühnen-Almanach: over the next decade he moved to 
				other relatively modest theatres in Budweis, Krakau, Bielitz and 
				Pest.⁵ His successor 
						as Mahler's music tutor was presumably W. Pressburg, 
				who was publicly thanked by Bernhard Mahler in a notice 
				published in Der Vermittler in 1870.⁶   
				Marches and Polkas [1870–1873] Interestingly Frau Rinold 
				also recalled Mahler playing marches and dances at her family 
				home, and this compliments a diary entry (March 
				1873) by Emma Fischer née Deutsch, which reports him 
				visiting her family and playing, among other items, marches and 
				polkas of his own composition. | 
						 
						Fig. 1 
						
						Leupold von Löwenthal |  
				Unidentified early 
				piano works [before September 1875] In a passage not included 
				in the first edition of her collection of memories of Mahler, 
				Natalie Bauer-Lechner records Mahler talking about his earliest 
				works dating from after the composition of 
				
				Die Türken and before his acceptance at the Vienna 
				Conservatoire (NBL2, 
				69): 
					
						
							| 
							Später komponierte ich dann schon 
							fleißiger aus eigenem Antrieb: eine 
							Klavier-Violin-Sonate, eine Nocturne für Cello; für 
							das Klavier alles mögliche, und endlich eine Oper, 
							zu der eine Schulkollege den Text mit mir schrieb. 
							Auf Grund dieses Bruchstückes (denn ich kam nie dazu, 
							sie zu vollebden) wurde ich später am Wiener 
							Konservatorium von Hellmesberger (diesem Schaf) mit 
							Überspringen von Harmonielehre und Kontrapunkt zu 
							meinem größten Schaden in die Kompositions-Klasse 
							aufgenommen. | 
							Later I certainly composed more 
							diligently on my own initiative: a
							
							piano-violin sonata,
							
							a nocturne for cello; everything possible for 
							the piano, and finally an
							
							opera for which a school colleague wrote the 
							text with me. Later, on account of this fragment 
							(for I was never able to finish it), at the Vienna 
							Conservatoire, to my great disadvantage, I was 
							allowed by Hellmesberger (that dolt) to join the 
							composition class having skipped harmony and 
							counterpoint. |  Later references to early piano works 
				by Mahler appear in 
				three accounts of Mahler's visit to Vienna (or Baden) to seek 
				the advice of Julius Epstein about a possible musical career. 
				The earliest to appear, along with transcriptions of two 
				letters from Mahler (28 August 1875 (GMB2a, 
				no.1); 6 September 1877 (GMB2a, 
				no.4)), was published by Gustav Schwarz in the Neues Wiener 
				Journal on 6 August 1905.⁷ Schwarz was an estate manager near Ronow and Morawan in the Časlau 
				region, where Mahler spent some time during the summer holidays 
				in 1875. Schwarz had been told that Mahler was a formidable 
				sight-reader by a Herr Steiner (possibly Ignaz Steiner, the 
				father of Mahler's childhood friend, Josef Steiner (HLG1, 842, 
				fn. 3)), and having heard him play, he advised him to study 
				music. Clearly Bernhard Mahler had doubts about this career 
				path, and so on 28 August 1875 Mahler wrote Schwarz to enlist 
				his support in the ensuing family discussions (GMB2, 3;
				KBME, 
				151): 
					
						
							| 
							[...ich kann nur hinzusetzen, daß es 
							noch einen kleinen Kampf kosten wird, den l. Vater 
							zur Übereinstimmung mit uns in Betreff unseres 
							Projektes zu bewegen, obwohl er freilich sich schon 
							ziemlich zu unserer Seite hinneight; doch ist er 
							noch immer nicht eins mit sich....Der l. Vater 
							fürchtet bald, daß ich mein Studium vernachlässigen 
							oder unterbrechen würde, bald wieder, daß ich durch 
							schlechten Umgang in Wien verdorben werden könnte; 
							und wenn er auch, wie es mir scheint, sich zu 
							unserer Seite hinneigt, so müssen Sie doch bedenken, 
							daß ich im Kampfe gegen die Übermacht so vieler „verständiger 
							. gesetzter Leute” ganz allein auf mich angewiesen 
							bin. | 
							...I can only add that it will still 
							be something of a struggle to induce my dear father 
							to agree to our plan. He is showing signs of coming 
							over to our side, but he is still not quite won 
							over....My dear father has two fears: one, that I 
							might neglect or interrupt my studies, and the 
							other, that I might be ruined by getting into bad 
							company in Vienna; and even when he seems to 
							be inclined to our side you must remember that I am 
							entirely alone and have only myself to rely on in my 
							struggle against the superior power of so many 
							'reasonable and mature people'. |  The crucial conference probably took place on 
				4 September and a few days later Mahler travelled to Vienna to 
				meet Julius Epstein (1832–1926), then a piano teacher at the 
				Konservatorium der Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde. According to 
				Schwarz's account it was he who accompanied the teenager (KBM, 
				149; 
				
				KBME, 151): 
					
						
							| 
							Herr Schwarz traf püktlich mit dem 
							jungen Mahler zusammen, sie fuhren nach Wien und 
							hier suchten sie sofort Professor Epstein auf. Der 
							Professor wohnte aber in Baden und Herr Schwarz fuhr 
							mit seinem Schützling dahin, um den jungen Menschen 
							sogleich fachmännisch beurteilen zu lassen. „Ich 
							erkannte sofort die eminente Begabung Mahlers,” 
							sagte  Herr Schwarz „als ich zu Professor 
							Epstein kam, war er gar nicht entzückt, das 
							Klavierspiel Mahlers imponierte ihm nicht. Erst als 
							Mahler eigene Kompositionen zum besten gab, wurde 
							Epstein warm, erklärte ein über das andermal, die 
							Sachen seien direkt ‚wagnerisch’und fragte mich, 
							warum ich ihn denn nicht telegraphisch nach Wien 
							berfufen habe.” | 
							Herr Schwarz met young Mahler as 
							agreed, and they made the journey to Vienna, where 
							they immediately called on Professor Epstein. But 
							the Professor was then living out at Baden, so Herr 
							Schwarz took his protégé there in order to get an 
							expert opinion of him without delay. 'I recognized 
							Mahler's outstanding gifts at one,' said Herr 
							Schwarz; 'but when I came to Professor Epstein, I 
							found him anything but delighted, for Mahler's piano 
							playing did not impress him at all. It was only when 
							Mahler played him some of his own compositions that 
							Epstein showed any enthusiasm and said over and over 
							again that there were in direct descent from Wagner, 
							and asked me why I had not sent him a telegramme 
							asking him to come to Vienna.' |  This account does not quite agree with Epstein's own 
					memories of his first meeting with Mahler, recorded in an 
					interview for the Neues Wiener Journal on the day of 
					Mahler's death⁸ 
					(KBM, 149; 
					
					KBME, 151): 
						
							| 
							„Ich weiß mich noch sehr gut des 
							Tages zu erinnern — erzählte Professor Eptein —, an 
							dem der Vater Gustav Mahlers zu mir ins 
							Konservatorium kam, sich mir als Herr Mahler aus 
							Iglau vorstellte und mich bat, seinen Sohn zu prüfen, 
							ob er Talent genug hätte, sich der Musik zu widmen. 
							Ich fragte den Vater, ob der junge Mann — Gustav 
							Mahler war damals kaum fünzehn Jahre alt — 
							begeisterung genug für die Musik zeige, worauf mir 
							Herr Mahler sagte: ‚Gewiß. Ich aber möchte, daß er 
							die Handelsakademie in Wien besucht, um später 
							einmal meine Spiritusfabrik zu übernehmen.’ ,Ich 
							soll also über seine Zukunft entscheiden', sagte ich. 
							,Das ist eine Gewissenssache und nicht so leicht als 
							Sie glauben. Nun, ich werde es versuchen.' Ich 
							forderte Mahler auf, sich ans Klavier zu setzen, um 
							mir etwas vorzuspielen. Er hatte damals schon 
							Verschiedenes komponiert, wie er sagte, ohne vorher 
							Studien gemacht zu haben, und ich ersuchte ihn, mir 
							eine seiner Kompositionen vorzutragen. Ich ließ ihn 
							kaum wenige Minuten spielen; die Komposition war 
							unfertig, und er hat sie später selbst vernichtet. 
							Aber ich empfand sofort, daß ich den geborenen 
							Musiker vor mir hatte. Das sagte ich auch dem Vater 
							und setzte hinzu: ,Der wird Ihre Fabrik nicht 
							übernehmen.' Kurz darauf wurde Mahler Schüler des 
							Wiener Konservatoriums, nahm Klavierunterricht bei 
							mir und studierte Theorie bei Professor Krenn...” | 
							'I very well remember the day,' 
							said Professor Epstein, 'when Gustav Mahler's father 
							came to see me at the Conservatoire, introduced 
							himself as Herr Mahler from Iglau, and asked me to 
							examine his son; he wanted to know whether the boy 
							had enough talent to make music his career. I asked 
							the father if the young man — Gustav Mahler was then 
							barely fifteen — had shown enough enthusiasm for 
							music. "He certainly has," Herr Mahler replied. "But 
							I would rather he went to the Commercial School in 
							Vienna so that he can take over my distillery later 
							on." "That is as much as to say that you want me to 
							decide his future," I said, "and that is a matter of 
							conscience, and not as easy as you seem to think. 
							Well, I'll do what I can." I asked Mahler to sit 
							down at the piano and play me something. He had 
							already composed several things, so he said, without 
							any previous training, and I asked him to play me 
							one of his own compositions. I let him play for only 
							a few minutes; the composition was immature, and 
							later on he destroyed it himself. But I realized 
							immediately that I was in the presence of a born 
							musician. I told his father so and added, "That 
							young man will never take over your distillery." 
							Mahler became a pupil at the Vienna Conservatoire 
							soon afterwards, where he was taught the piano by 
							myself and theory by Professor Krenn ...' |  Epstein gave another account of the consultation to the
					Illustriertes Wiener Extrablatt⁹ which is broadly 
					similar, and (unlike his other account) confirms Schwarz's 
					memory that the meeting took place in Baden, though again it 
					mentions only Bernhard Mahler. In fact, the research of 
					Alfred Rosenzweig, undertaken at least seventy years ago, 
					appears to establish conclusively that both men accompanied 
					the teenager to Vienna (ARGM, 
					89–91). 
					 Mahler played Epstein some of his own music, 
					but whether it was piano music as such is not clear: if 
					accurately remembered by Schwarz, Epstein's comment about 
					the Wagnerian pedigree of the music he heard might suggest that Mahler may have 
					presented extracts from 
					
					Herzog Ernst von Schwaben, the opera 
					on which he had recently been working. Even if Mahler did 
					not take a portfolio of his own piano music with him to 
					Vienna in September 1875, he had 
					undoubtedly composed a number of works for the instrument since his early 
					Polka.  |